2024-T4 / T351 at a glance
Where to buy
Designation
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Designation | 2024-T4 / T351 |
| Class | Aluminum |
| Type | wrought aluminum alloy |
Composition
| Element | Limit |
|---|---|
| Si | 0.50 |
| Fe | 0.50 |
| Cu | 3.8–4.9 |
| Mn | 0.30–0.9 |
| Mg | 1.2–1.8 |
| Cr | 0.10 |
| Zn | 0.25 |
| Ti | 0.15 |
| Al | Remainder |
A single number is a maximum. Other elements: 0.05 each, 0.15 total, except where the Teal Sheets say otherwise. Source: Aluminum Association Teal Sheets (Aug 2018).
Specifications and forms
| Specification | Form |
|---|---|
| AMS 4037 | Bare sheet and plate |
| AMS 4035 | Bare sheet and plate |
| AMS-QQ-A-250/4 | Bare sheet and plate |
| AMS-QQ-A-250/5 | Clad sheet and plate |
| AMS 4120, AMS-QQ-A-225/6 | Bar, rod, wire |
| AMS 4152, AMS 4164, AMS 4165, AMS-QQ-A-200/3 | Extrusion |
| AMS 4086, AMS-WW-T-700/3 | Drawn tubing |
Specifications as listed by MIL-HDBK-5J. Federal QQ-A specifications passed to SAE as AMS-QQ-A. Check the current revision.
Properties
| Property | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Temper T4 | Solution heat-treated, naturally aged to a stable condition | AC 43.13-1B Table 4-4 |
| Temper T351 | Solution heat-treated, stretched 1 to 3 % permanent set | AC 43.13-1B Table 4-4 |
| Density | 0.100 lb/in³ (2.78 g/cm³) | MIL-HDBK-5J; Teal Sheets |
| Brinell hardness, 2024-T4 | 120 (500 kg load, 10 mm ball) | AC 43.13-1B Table 4-5 |
| Arc welding / spot welding | C (limited) / B (special techniques) | MIL-HDBK-5J Table 3.1.3.4(a) |
| Stress corrosion, 2024-T3, T4 plate | L: A · LT: B · ST: D (lowest) | MIL-HDBK-5J Table 3.1.2.3.1(a) |
The AC lists 2024 among aluminum alloys not to be welded (par. 4-89d). The handbook's C rating is a relative rating, not a permission.
Design allowables, 2024-T4 coiled sheet and T351 plate
| Property, ksi | T4 A | T4 B | T351 A | T351 B |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ftu, L | 62 | 64 | 64 | 66 |
| Ftu, LT | 62 | 64 | 64 | 66 |
| Fty, L | 40 | 42 | 48 | 50 |
| Fty, LT | 40 | 42 | 42 | 44 |
| Fcy, L | 40 | 42 | 39 | 41 |
| Fcy, LT | 40 | 42 | 45 | 47 |
| Fsu | 37 | 38 | 38 | 39 |
| Fbru, e/D = 1.5 | 93 | 96 | 97 | 100 |
| Fbru, e/D = 2.0 | 118 | 122 | 119 | 122 |
| Fbry, e/D = 1.5 | 56 | 59 | 72 | 76 |
| Fbry, e/D = 2.0 | 64 | 67 | 86 | 90 |
T4: coiled sheet, 0.010–0.249 in, AMS-QQ-A-250/4, Table 3.2.3.0(b2), p. 3-72. T351: plate, 0.250–0.499 in, AMS 4037 and AMS-QQ-A-250/4, Table 3.2.3.0(b1), p. 3-71. S, A and B are the MIL-HDBK-5J statistical bases. L is the longitudinal grain direction, LT the long transverse. Bearing values are dry-pin values.
Minimum bend radius, inches (AMT Handbook Chart 204)
| Alloy and temper | 0.020" | 0.032" | 0.040" | 0.063" | 0.125" | 0.190" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-T3, 2024-T4 | .09 | .12 | .16 | .22 | .50 | 1.00 |
| 2024-T6 | .09 | .12 | .16 | .25 | .62 | 1.00 |
Selected thicknesses from FAA-H-8083-31B Chart 204, p. 4-61. Chart 204 and AC Table 4-6 do not agree everywhere: where they differ, use the larger radius or the SRM.
Bend radii (AC 43.13-1B Table 4-6)
| Alloy and temper | 0.016" | 0.032" | 0.064" | 0.128" | 0.182" | 0.258" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-O | 0 | 0 – 1t | 0 – 1t | 0 – 1t | 0 – 1t | 0 – 1t |
| 2024-T3 | 1½t – 3t | 2t – 4t | 3t – 5t | 4t – 6t | 4t – 6t | 5t – 7t |
Recommended radii for 90-degree bends, as multiples of sheet thickness t. Alclad sheet may go slightly tighter than bare (Table 4-6 note 1). The drawing or SRM governs.
Weight by thickness
| Thickness, in | mm | lb/ft² | kg/m² |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.016 | 0.41 | 0.230 | 1.12 |
| 0.020 | 0.51 | 0.288 | 1.41 |
| 0.025 | 0.64 | 0.360 | 1.76 |
| 0.032 | 0.81 | 0.461 | 2.25 |
| 0.040 | 1.02 | 0.576 | 2.81 |
| 0.050 | 1.27 | 0.720 | 3.52 |
| 0.063 | 1.60 | 0.907 | 4.43 |
| 0.071 | 1.80 | 1.022 | 4.99 |
| 0.080 | 2.03 | 1.152 | 5.62 |
| 0.090 | 2.29 | 1.296 | 6.33 |
| 0.100 | 2.54 | 1.440 | 7.03 |
| 0.125 | 3.17 | 1.800 | 8.79 |
Computed for density 0.100 by our sheet weight calculator. Kilograms and millimetres converted.
Notes from the guide
- Not a source of design allowables. Values are for reference. MMPDS and the SRM govern a repair.
- Not a substitution approval. A different alloy or temper needs approved data.
- Not for welding. AC par. 4-89d lists 2024 among alloys not to be welded.
Where to buy
Distributors coming soon.
Sources
- FAA AC 43.13-1B CHG 1, Chapters 4 and 7 — Tables 4-4, 4-5, 4-6; pars. 4-54, 4-57, 4-89.
- FAA-H-8083-31B, AMT Handbook — Airframe, Volume 1, Chapter 4 — Chart 204, p. 4-61; Figure 4-168, p. 4-87; rivets, p. 4-31.
- MIL-HDBK-5J (31 Jan 2003), Chapter 3 — Tables 3.1.2.3.1(a), 3.1.3.4(a), 3.2.3.0(a), (b1), (b2). Cancelled and superseded by MMPDS: check current MMPDS before design use.
- Aluminum Association, International Alloy Designations (Teal Sheets), rev. Aug 2018 — chemical composition limits and nominal densities.
- MMPDS (formerly MIL-HDBK-5) — the current home of design allowables. A repair substantiation cites MMPDS or the SRM, not a website.